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Friday, August 22, 2008

Lazy Descriptors

Today I had a need to create a property on an object "lazily." The Python builtin property does a great job of this, but it calls the getter function every time you access the property. Here is how I ended up solving the problem:

First of all, I had (almost) the behavior I wanted by using the following pattern:

class Foo(object):
def __init__(self):
self._bar = None
@property
def bar(self):
if self._bar is None:
print 'Calculating self._bar'
self._bar = 42
return self._bar

There are a couple of problems with this, however. First of all, I'm polluting my object's namespace with a _bar attribute that I don't want. Secondly, I'm using this pattern all over my codebase, and it's quite an eyesore.

Both problems can be fixed by using a descriptor. Basically, a descriptor is an object with a __get__ method which is called when the descriptor is accessed as a property of a class. The descriptor I created is below:

class LazyProperty(object):

def __init__(self, func):
self._func = func
self.__name__ = func.__name__
self.__doc__ = func.__doc__

def __get__(self, obj, klass=None):
if obj is None: return None
result = obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = self._func(obj)
return result

The descriptor is designed to be used as a decorator, and will save the decorated function and its name. When the descriptor is accessed, it will calculate the value by calling the function and save the calculated value back to the object's dict. Saving back to the object's dict has the additional benefit of preventing the descriptor from being called the next time the property is accessed. So I can now use it in the class above:

class Foo(object):
@LazyProperty
def bar(self):
print 'Calculating self._bar'
return 42

So I get a nice lazily calculated property that doesn't recalculate bar every time it's accessed and doesn't bother with any memoization itself. What do you think about it? Is this a patten you use in your code?

14 comments:

  1. Anonymous6:28 AM

    I'm too lazy to try to understand how this thing works, what it does, and ramifications... but your naming it "descriptor", uh, woot?

    http://foldoc.org/foldoc.cgi?query=descriptor

    And isn't a function called _every_ time anyway?

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  2. Mate,

    Great post. I wish you had posted this a month earlier :D. I had stumbled upon this in django (in the django.contrib.auth.middleware.py). It does just the thing to obtain access to the user object on a request.

    But keep em coming mate, keep em coming.

    Cheers
    Sri

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  3. That looks like a good way to defer object retrieval from a database.

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  4. @anonymous:
    Actually, I didn't invent the name "descriptor" -- it's Python terminology documented here. I probably should have given more context in the post. As for a function being called every time, yes, that still happens, but the (potentially expensive) calculation of the value of bar only happens once.

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  5. @doug:
    Yup, you guessed it. In particular, I wanted an ORM-mapped object as an attribute on a TurboGears controller.

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  6. you don't need to check if the attribute slot is on the instance

    non-data descriptors get overridden by instance attributes

    also please copy the name to __name__ and the documentation to __doc__

    so its more easy to use with the common introspection tools

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  7. @ronny:

    Thanks for the pointers. I have updated the post to reflect your changes.

    @anonymous:
    With the changes suggested by ronny, a function is no longer called on each attribute access (technically, it wasn't being called before, I just had an extraneous check of the object's __dict__).

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  8. I'm really excited to use this. Maybe sometime this week in Algebra or Geometry class. ;)

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  9. rick, I watched your presentation last night but had to leave early.

    Would love to offer my help with Clutch.

    Let me know what can I do to help out.

    ReplyDelete
  10. Anonymous7:18 AM

    ahhh.. it used my very very old profile to post my comment.... grrrr

    drop me a comment in livingubuntu.com or an email to alfredodeza (at) gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  11. Yonatan P4:46 AM

    thumbs up! a very elegant pattern.

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  12. Rick I just ran across this post by accident. This is indeed an elegant pattern. Thanks for posting.

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  13. interesting take nice solution

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  14. It looks like these days this pattern is available in zope.cachedescriptors (which can be installed from pypi independently of zope) as property.Lazy: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/zope.cachedescriptors#lazy-computed-attributes

    ReplyDelete